Abstract Abstract
Animal-associated microbiomes are diverse groups of microorganisms that include bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that play a vital role in maintaining host health and physiological stability (Zeineldin et al., 2023; Huws, 2019). These communities are involved in nutrient processing, immune system development, and protection against harmful pathogens (Peixoto et al., 2021; Redfern et al., 2017; Song et al., 2019). The gut microbiome is particularly significant because it facilitates the breakdown of complex dietary substances and produces bioactive metabolites that enhance nutrient assimilation and energy utilization (Peixoto et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2021).
Modern advancements in high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic techniques improved understanding of host–microbiome connections. Studies indicate that these microbial populations affect metabolic processes, growth efficiency, behavioral patterns, and disease resistance in animals (Forcina et al., 2022). Interruptions in microbial balance, commonly may refer as dysbiosis that are associated to negative health effects including lower productivity and increased defenselessness to infections.
Emerging microbiome-based approaches, including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, provide practical solutions for improving animal health and supporting sustainable livestock production (Chowdhury et al., 2025). Continued research in this field is expected to strengthen disease control strategies and enhance agricultural outcomes.